The ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate: special report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

This unique report provides an in-depth examination of the farthest corners of the earth from the highest mountains and remote polar region to the deepest oceans. The report finds that even and especially in these places, human-caused climate change is evident. These changes show that the world’s ocean and cryosphere have been ‘taking the heat’ for climate change for decades. The consequences for nature and humanity are sweeping and severe. This report highlights the urgency of timely, ambitious, coordinated and enduring action. The report provides the latest state of knowledge on the ocean and cryosphere in a changing climate. It focuses on changes to mountain cryosphere, polar regions and ecosystems, sea level rise and coastal extremes, ocean and marine life, as well as providing key information to enable action at all scales and to manage risks and build resilience through adaptation for the benefit of ecosystems and human societies. The report highlights the observed and projected changes in the ocean and cryosphere, the associated impacts and risks for human societies and ecosystems, as well as assessing a range of response options and adaption measures.